PDF format was first introduced in 1993 with Adobe Acrobat 1.0 from Adobe Systems. Following the standardization of PDF for special requirements like PDF/X for pre-press, PDF/A for archiving and PDF/E for engineering, Adobe invested a great effort into getting PDF format standardized for universal use. In July 2008, PDF 1.7 was officially certified by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an open standard – ISO 32000. The advantage: the open PDF standard is now manufacturer independent and offers long-term reliability. Changes and future developments to the PDF format are no longer dependent on Adobe. [...]